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| 1835 |
| | French zoologist Félix Dujardin identifies protoplasm, the viscous translucent substance common to all forms of life | |
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| 1836 |
| | HMS Beagle reaches Falmouth, in Cornwall, after a voyage of five years, and Charles Darwin brings with him a valuable collection of specimens | |
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| 1843 |
| | Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz completes his pioneering Poissons Fossiles ('Fossil Fish'), classifying more than 1500 categories | |
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| 1851 |
| | An American clergyman, L.L. Langstroth, discovers the 'bee space', which becomes a standard feature of the modern beehive | |
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| 1854 |
| | Austrian monk Gregor Mendel begins his study of pea plants in the garden of the Abbey of St Thomas in Brno | |
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| 1854 |
| | English physician John Snow proves that cholera is spread by infected water (from a pump in London's Broad Street) | |
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| 1856 |
| | The first Neanderthal man to be discovered is unearthed by quarry workers in the Neander valley, near Düsseldorf | |
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| 1857 |
| | French chemist Louis Pasteur proves the existence of micro-organisms by showing that a liquid will only ferment if exposed to contamination from the air | |
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| 1858 |
| | Charles Darwin is alarmed to receive in his morning post a paper by Alfred Russell Wallace, outlining very much his own theory of evolution | |
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| 1859 |
| | Charles Darwin puts forward the theory of evolution in On the Origin of Species, the result of 20 years' research | |
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